Definition Of Customary International Law - 1710 Words

Within the scope of customary international law there are some varying norms that the international law community must deal with, which can be broken down into three different categories from most important to least important: 1) norms in which the international community allows no derogation, these are known as peremptory norms or jus cogens, 2) norms that might allow for derogation, and 3) norms that aren’t binding but some might argue should be. The classification of these customary norms is based off of both state practice and opinio juris. In order to determine state practice the states may look towards each other and how they react in similar scenarios. One debate surrounding this area is determining how many states need to sign off on an action to determine that sufficient state practice is occurring. Two sides of the argument are the actual number states versus the regionalization of the states. Opinio juris is defined as a state engaging in a certain activity because they believe they are under legal obligation to act. The idea of peremptory norms is older than modern international law itself (113). The idea of peremptory norms stems from the belief that certain actions are so heinous that in order for these to be prevented states shall not be allowed to derogate from adherence. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties shows the importance of peremptory norms in both Article 53 and 64. Article 53 states that a treaty is void if at the time of itsShow MoreRelatedPublic International Law Is Formed By Sovereign States1463 Words   |  6 PagesPublic International law is formed by sovereign states, for sovereign states and governed by the notion of consent. The international Court of Justice under the statute of Article 38, states that when disputes are presented they shall apply International Conventions (also known as treaties), international customs and general principals of law and it shall draw on judicial decisions and the teachings and writings of highly qualified publicists in determin ing rules of law . The domain of the sourcesRead MoreNicaragua Case1655 Words   |  7 Pagesarticulate what the law is and where it can be found. The sources of international law can be found in article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. Article 38 of the Statute of the ICJ states: ‘The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidenceRead MoreThe Sources Of International Law1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe sources of international law are laid down in the Statute of the International Court of Justice Art.38 and include: â€Å"1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized byRead More The Great Tuna Boat Chase and Massacre case Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages The Great Tuna Boat Chase and Massacre Case has Ecuador claiming that the United States is in violation of its 200-mile territorial sea. From it’s inception, Ecuador had accepted the customary three mile limit as the demarcation of its territorial waters. However, after 130 years, Juan Valdez achieved power in 1952. Under his regime, he proclaimed that the three mile boundary was never meant to be considered a fixed and unalterable boundary, and that historical practices as well as the natural featuresRead More2.1 The Birth Of Free Speech . It Is Difficult To Pinpoint1267 Words   |  6 Pagesthe concept of the inherent human rights to voice one’s opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment. Free speech was in existence long before the concept of human rights, as we know it today came into being. The definition of freedom of speech, as recognized by law, has been evolving. When the United Nations General Assembly met the very first time in January 1946, one resolution that it passed recognized freedom of information as a fundamental human right and the touchstone of all theRead MoreDevolution : The Law And Policy1388 Words   |  6 Pagescountry, devolved territories have the power and statutory will to apply uniquely apply legislation to their specific area, allowing the principle of such legislation more relevant and practical to their own local communities. (Devolution: The law and policy - the law society, no date) .B. Legislative competence is the capacity, powers and authority to give, enact or make rules that are statutory binding for that particular jurisdiction and therefore to whomever enters such. An example of legislativeRead MoreThe Security Council And International Law1590 Words   |  7 PagesThere has been difficulty in defining terrorism in international law due to changes in terrorist methodology and the lack of any precise definition of the term terrorism’† . The United Nations General Assembly also condemned acts of terrorism without defining it. Therefore a functional approach had been adopted through treaties dealing with the forms of terrorism considered to be unacceptable. Although, it is agreed upon in international law that terrorism is unlawful, it is not addressed whetherRead MoreThe Sexual Offences Bill 2015 Essay1255 Words   |  6 Pages2.4 Sexual offences Bill 2015 A Sexual offences Bill was passed by the Nigerian senate on the 27th of Mat 2015 but is yet to get the presidential accent which would make it into law. Given the status of the bill pending the accent of the president it is not yet law and thus is not yet legally binding; however the SOB in its mandate to protect all persons from sexual offences such as rape, defilement, indecent exposure, sexual assault and a varying newly introduced elements of sexual offences hasRead MoreLegal Corruption In Nigeria1620 Words   |  7 Pagesnotwithstanding the weight of any corruption allegation against them. Article 5 (1) of the Rome Statute sets out the crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court: 1. The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following crimes: (a) The crime of genocide; (b) Crimes against humanity; (c) War crimes; (d) The crime of aggression. The Nuremberg TribunalRead MoreDifferences between: Legal, Moral and Customary Rights Details on various NGOs that protect and define human rights.1547 Words   |  7 Pages1. Distinguish between a) Legal, Moral and Customary Rights. A legal right is one that is enforceable by law. Any citizen and can discover these rights. They can validly be argued in court and generally take preference to other rights. Moral rights are those that particular groups believe are right and just. They are generally derived from religion and reflect the values and attitudes of the group that holds them. Usually the moral rights held by the majority of the population are closely reflected

The Relationship Between Economic Globalization And Labor...

The relationship between economic globalization and labor market power provides empirical trends in world average and the world equality through structural bargaining power and associated power, thereby allowing workers to achieve convergence across nations (Mahutga). What labor market power does for economic globalization is that it increases the probability of labor internationalism through two models, namely, the structural model and the institutional model. Beverly Sliver, Tamara Kay, Nita Rudra, and Matthew Mahutga provide different theories and data, breaking down the trends of labor power and labor movement on a global scale. The labor movement began during the industrial revolution and exists because of worker-employer relationships and working conditions, thus providing the landscape for labor power (Mahutga). Labor power can be broken down into associational power and structural bargaining power. Mahutga’s Lecture on Globalization and Labor builds on Beverly Sliver s argument on the Forces of Labor and Tamara Kay s argument on Labor Transnationalism and Global Governance about what Labor market power and Labor Transnationalism mean as regards labor on a global scale (Mahutga, Kay). Is it creating better standards for the working and living conditions of workers? Associational power results in collective workers ability to unionize and organize to present one opposing voice. Structural bargaining power results from the workers place in the economic system,Show MoreRelatedEssay about Marxs Theory of Alienation1087 Words   |  5 Pagesset down by those who have power. Alienation in capitalist societies takes place because the worker can only express this basic social aspect of individuality through a production system that is not communally, but privately owned (Marx, 2007). When applying Marx’s theory of alienation to the current issue of income inequality in the global world one can see how it is possible that capitalism has led to the issues at hand. Although not a new phenomenon, globalization is on the rise, and with thatRead MoreGlobalization Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pagesimplications of globalization are greatly felt in every part of the world. One of its effects is encouraging the movement of financial capital, trade, and direct and foreign investments. This refers to the economic exchange of goods and services internationally and international financial flows. (Carr and Chen, 2001). Through the perspective of an optimistic globalist, trade has brought an increase in the volume of trade, whereas, pessimistic globalist suggests that globalization on the world economyRead MoreThere Are Many Different Approaches And Perspectives When1251 Words   |  6 Pages There are many different approaches and perspectives when discussing the employment relationship. All of these perspectives share some commonalities while at the same time having unique viewpoints. The first approach is the unitary approach, which views the work organization as a whole. In the unitary approach, the employees and employer co-exist and are reliant on one another. The next perspective is the pluralist approach. In the pluralist approach the organization realizes that there will beRead MoreThe First Glimpse Of Globalization1573 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization is the process in which a world-wide circulation of goods, ideas, and people takes place. Historically, there were two periods of profound expansion, the 15th and 16th century and 20th and 21st century. In both cases, these eras of globalization were preceded by periods of enriched thinking, sharing, and scientific revolutions. The renaissance is a prime example of an era when ideas and knowledge flourished and spread throughout Europe. This newfound age of discovery resulted in globalRead MoreThe benefits of globalization outweigh its cost. How far do you agree with this statement?1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe term globalization is defined as growing economic interdependence of countries worldwide through increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services, free international capital flows, and more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology. All definitions appear to agree that globalization has economic, political, cultural, and technological aspects that may be closely intertwined by the International Monetary Fund . Benefits is defined as advantage or profitRead MoreGlobalization and International Finance, Questions and Answer1533 Words   |  7 Pagescountry(ies), article, etc)? Please explain in detail your topic selection. Globalization is defined as moving towards a world in which barriers to cross-border trade and investment are declining; distance is shrinking due to new advance in transportation and telecommunications technology, material culture is starting to look similar the world over; national economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated global economic system (Hill). The word itself. â€Å"globalize†, appeared in the 1960s meaningRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Globalization Essays1584 Words   |  7 Pagesinterdependent world economy is the outcome of the process of Globalization. Various definitions of Globalization are available. As per Block (2004), in his research paper, has defined globalization as â€Å"Intensification of world-wide social relationships which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by distant events and, in turn, distant events are shaped by local happenings.† The IMF (2008) claims that globalization is a resu lt of advancement in technologies and modernizationRead MoreDependency Reduces Conflict1344 Words   |  5 Pagesin the new world economic and international system. The creation of interdependence not only reduces the probability of war between nations but it allows for more peaceful resolutions. This essay will focus on firstly understanding the way in which economic interdependence is possible (embedded liberalism), highlighting issues of what would happen if this system weren’t in place and finally how this system renders war an unattractive solution. Economic globalization and economic integration doesRead MoreGlobalization : A New Way For International Trade1392 Words   |  6 Pagesinterconnected and economic activity is becoming more and more globally oriented and integrated. Over the years global relationship and economic activates has been growing. While that sounds promising, globalization is also becoming one of the most debated issues and coming under much criti cism. Mostly that is because world trade runs by industrialized countries and big corporations. While globalization can benefit some countries, it could also hurt others. First and foremost, what is globalization? When manyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Stiglitz A Recipient Of The Nobel Prize Economics, And Andrew Charlton930 Words   |  4 PagesStiglitz, a recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics, and Andrew Charlton, a fellow economist, propose a new, radical solution to world trade problems – a solution that brings equilibrium to the trading relationships between the poorest and richest countries. The book contains an in-depth, college level understanding of fair trade and its theoretical applications on third world countries. With regards to theoretical applications, the book elaborates on the proposal, which is fair trade, and how

Why Compare Kincaids Girl and Olsens I Stand Here Ironing free essay sample

Stand Here Ironing† and Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† Daughter and mother relationship is an endless topic for many writers. They meant to share the bond of love and care for each other. Nevertheless, in the real world their relationship is not as successful as it ought to be. The stories â€Å"Girl† and â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† are examples of this conflict. The author of the short story â€Å"Girl† Jamaica Kincaid was born and raised up to the age of seventeen in Antigua, a former colony of Great Britain. In her short story â€Å"Girl†, Kincaid presents the experience of being young and female in a poor country. The story is structured as a single sentence of advice that a mother gives to her daughter. The mother expresses her resents and worries about her daughter becoming a woman. The author of â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† is Tillie Olsen, an American writer of Russian-Jewish descendent. Similarly her story portrays powerfully the economic domestic burdens a poor woman faced, as well as the responsibility and powerlessness she feels over her child’s life. Moreover, the woman is grieving about her daughters life and about the circumstances that shaped her own mothering. Both stories have many features in common. Not only do they explore the troubles that could exist in the relationship between mother and daughter, but also they raise questions about motherhood, especially when a mother lives on a shoestring, the stories explore the difficulties that a young mother has to endure while raising her child in poverty. Although the two stories refer to different place and time, they share the theme of poverty. On the one hand, â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† is set in 1950s in the USA. However, it also gives some account of 1930s and 1940s as it follows the life of the author from birth till early adolescence. During this period the USA suffered one of its deepest crises and also participated in WWII. We can easily presume how poor the conditions of life in America were at that time. Furthermore, the story itself tells us a lot about the difficulties the young mother had to face while raising her daughter. â€Å"Girl† is probably set in 1960s, since we know Kincaid was born in 1949. The place of the story is Antigua, a country, part of the West Indies that had its independence in 1967. Similarly to the States during the time of the Great Depression, Antigua was under the pressure of abject poverty. The narrator in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† is not referred by name or described physically. The reader assumes her identity through the explanation she gives of her relationship with her eldest daughter, Emily. The narrator has endured a great deal of hardship in her life. At the age of nineteen, she was left by her husband. Besides at that time Emily was only about one year old. Furthermore, the narrator was left with no support from the father and she had to take care of her child during the worst time of the Great Depression. Due to the fact that the narrator had to work long hours, the raising of the daughter had been left with no sufficient attention. The narrator in â€Å"Girl† also is not referred by name or described physically. Throughout the story it seems obvious that all of commands and warnings are said by the mother to her daughter. The aim of all these instructions is to help the daughter learn all a woman should know. Although the mother does nearly all of the talking and there is no action or exposition, there is much that can be guessed about the relationship between the two. According to Rahakrishnan, there should be â€Å"a comparison between life worlds and ways of being† as well as knowledge about the characters’ world with its functioning and its particular representations. In â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† the narrator is analysing her own mistakes throughout Emily’s life. She is reflecting where did she do wrong with the uprising of her daughter. On the other hand, in â€Å"Girl† the narrator gives no options to her listener, her daughter), there is no dialogue, just a catalogue of advice and warnings. The mother is completely determined and leaves no personal choices to her daughter. According to Davis-Yuval â€Å"intersectionality† refers to the interaction between gender, race, and other categories of difference in individual lives, social practices, institutional arrangements, and cultural ideologies and the outcomes of these interactions in terms of power. My aim is to analyse where gender, race, class and ethnicity are interconnected in both â€Å"Girl† and â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† and what are the â€Å"outcomes† of these intersections. To do that I will have to analyse the question: how people experience subjectively their daily lives in terms of inclusion and exclusion; discrimination and disadvantage; specific aspirations and specific identities. Furthermore, I will have to pay attention to people’s â€Å"attitudes and prejudices towards others† as well as to the way they see themselves and their communities. I will present the images, symbols, texts and ideologies as their representations. Both stories explore the issues of inclusion and exclusion. On the one hand, the characters are members of ational societies, respectively the characters of â€Å"Girl† are members of the black Antiguan society and the characters of â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† are members of the American society. They are included in these societies; however they suffer exclusion due to their, as Yuval-Davis calls that, â€Å"naturalized† social division. In â€Å"Girl† the mother and the daughter are born black and that predetermines their position in the superior-subordinate axis of colonialism. In other words, they are made to be subordinate because they are black, because of their race. Being a submissive leads to many other exclusions they will be subjected to worse education – a Sunday school; worse education will inevitably undermine their options of self-realisation in life. Moreover, being a woman in this marginalised society undermines your options even more. Not only you are submissive to the white race, but also you are submissive to male dominant. If you are born black woman in Antigua the chances that you will turn to be a â€Å"slut† are high, however, if you follow strictly the rules of how to be a respectable woman, you might escape the danger of being a slut. Hence, no matter how practical and deprived of affection the instructions and warnings may sound – they will save the girl from doom and failure. The mother understands a woman’s place and knows what a woman should know and do in order to become a respectful woman. She offers useful advice about laundry, sewing, ironing, sweeping, and setting a table for different occasions. Harsher admonitions warn the daughter against being careless with her sexuality, â€Å"so to prevent yourself from looking like the slut I know you are so bent on becoming†. The exclusions due to race and gender are also obvious in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing†. The mother in the story is a member of the American society that by definition requires equal rights for all of its members. However, being a Jewish emigrant might lead to many restrictions and exclusions; they are forced to settle for low-wage jobs and a lower class life in America. Furthermore, being a young woman complicates the situation even more. The mother in the story has to work long hours to make the ends meet. As a result she cannot pay enough attention to her child; her class, gender and race deprives her of being a normal mother. Instead, her concerns are about how to make a living. The mother describes numerous limitations she has had to confront: poverty, abandonment by her first husband, housework, and motherhood itself. The many hardships in her life seem to compound one another. Furthermore, the limited resources of the mother limit the daughter as well. The mother feels helpless to encourage her daughter’s talent as an actress. The mother seem to blame her own youth and distractedness for the fact that â€Å"little will come† of h

Key Actors in Business European Making †Business Policy Essay Sample free essay sample

Within this essay cardinal histrions in the devising of concern policy in the European Union ( E. U ) will be brought to visible radiation. Specific motivations and responsibilities of each histrion will be clearly defined and how each single histrion affects concern policy within the E. U. Internal regulating organic structures every bit good as force per unit area groups and other histrions will be elaborated on with their ain influences in the devising of a concern policy. The European Union is an economical and political merger of 27 states located chiefly in the European continent ( see appendix i for all members ) . These 27 member provinces have relinquished portion of their sovereignty to European establishments and these establishments or ‘governing bodies’ are those that set the way for the whole E. U. The E. U has delivered half a century of peace. stableness and prosper harmonizing to some regulating organic structures nevertheless this feeling is non cosmopolitan. We will write a custom essay sample on Key Actors in Business European Making – Business Policy Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The EU is based on the regulation of jurisprudence. this means that everything that it does is founded on pacts. voluntarily and democratically agreed by all member states ; an illustration of this is the ‘Treaty of Lisbon’ . These adhering understandings set out the EU’s ends in its many countries of activity There are four chief European Union regulating organic structures and these are responsible for the bulk of the activities in the E. U. The organic structures are listed below: 1. European Commission 2. European Council 3. European Parliament 4. European Court of Justice 1. European Commission The European Commission. established in 1958. is the ‘executive body’ of the E. U. The Commission is chiefly based in Brussels at the Berlaymont edifice nevertheless many other operations occur around Brussels and Luxemburg with many meetings taking topographic point in Strasbourg. The chief duties of the Commission are suggesting statute laws. implementing determinations. continuing the union’s pacts and twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours running of the E. U. The Commission is run as a ‘cabinet government’ whereby one member of each state from the E. U represents the state instead than a whole authorities stand foring their place state. At present Jose Manuel Durao Barroso is the president of the Commission. The Commission was set up as a supranational authorization detached from authoritiess and is the lone organic structure ‘paid to believe European’ . The Commissioners from each member province are to move separately hence imperso nal to other influences such as authoritiess. This is dissimilar to the European Council which represents authoritiess and the European Parliament who represents citizens. The European Council and the Commission both hold the power to command the whole European Union amongst them nevertheless the governmental powers of the Commission have such that Guy Verhofstadt. the Belgian Prime Minister. suggested to altering the name from Commission to ‘Government’ due to the authorization it holds. Out of all regulating organic structures for the E. U. merely the committee has legislative enterprise therefore when concern policy devising occurs most ‘influencers’ attack the Commission and the Council and Parliament can merely bespeak statute laws of which the Commission accepts or diminutions. The Commission has started to lose place to states like the U. K. Germany and France and these look to sideline the function of Barroso and his presidential position. In late 2012. Jose Barroso addressed the E. U Parliament in Strasbourg to germinate the E. U into a ‘federation of state states’ because this alteration is necessary to battle the continent’s economic crisis which was impacting all E. U concerns ( I ) . Barroso touched on the quandary for Greece and stated that if they stuck by the committednesss so they would besides be able to remain in the euro zone. Hereafter this remark was made ; Barroso besides said that states in the euro zone should non trust on bailouts from the European Central Bank. The Commission is motivated to bettering the regulative environment in which the European concerns operate which will assist them make good in planetary markets. The European Commission go with regulations associating to corporate administration and company jurisprudence every bit good as accounting and scrutinizing. This helps companies in the E. U. as the Commission make one set of regulations with a incorporate direction system. The system used allows companies to set their trust into the Commission by increasing transparence. heightening protection of investors. every bit good as fraud and misdirection. Removal of obstructions to cross-border trade. such as contract jurisprudence and revenue enhancement. is a committedness that the Commission seeks to prosecute. The European Union can be described as a ‘Single Market’ is a specific trade axis which means trade is free and there is a common ordinance on merchandises every bit good as the four freedoms ; free motion of capitals. labor. goods and services. Fiscal Taxes. Physical Lodgers and Technical Standards are removed to their maximal extent which gives the semblance of a coaction of states involved. In concern footings. this is good because it gives a larger possible market for companies to brood into every bit good as a bigger mark audience. Delivery times and decreased costs are seen by most concerns covering with clients from state to state around the E. U because there is an absence of lodger bureaucratism. The E. U. more specifically the Commission. has looked to undertake private and public barriers to competition through ordinance and building of a wide legal model. Some of the regulations set out are given below ( two ) : I ) Prevent Firms from conspiring by monetary value repair. trusts and other collaborative schemes therefore exciting competition and prevent oligopolists from acting amorally. two ) Prevent Firms from mistreating places of market laterality. three ) Control the size to which houses grow through acquisitions and amalgamations. four ) Restrict province assistance to autochthonal houses. The Commission is said to hold a ‘double mandate’ . In one case it must work with national competition governments in doing certain anti-competitive patterns are restricted and besides to hold preparation of E. U oligopolies that hinder competition. On the other manus. the actions of the Commission must reflect the worlds of planetary competition every bit good as the demand for Europe to obtain a vaster cross boundary line which will enable them to vie in planetary markets. This is a large challenge the Commission faces when doing concern policies for the E. U. Trade Policy is an elect power that merely the E. U possesses which means that merely they can pass on trade personal businesss and concludes international trade trades. Whilst the Commission is the chief instigator. the Council and Parliament both have to hold to the proposal before it can be endorsed. The Commission is the chief negotiant whom discusses trades with merchandising spouses of the E. U every bit good as working closely with the Council and maintaining the Parliament good informed. The Council will put out aims by which the Commission achieve. Trade understandings are merely put into force once it is to the full ratified. The European Commission is expected to supervise and follow the regulations of the ‘Stability and Growth Pact ( SGP ) which and this is another determiner of concern policies for the E. U. The SGP is a model for puting financial policy amongst EU Member States. The SGP includes a set of regulations for financial policies in the Member States. including bounds on authorities shortages and debt to guarantee sound public fundss. It is an of import component of Economic and Monetary Union. This will be discussed in deepness subsequently. 2. European Council The E. U Council is an establishment of the E. U that is the strategic organic structure. The Council has no legislative power. non to be mistaken for the Council of Ministers whom have legislative power ; nevertheless make petitions to the Commission as radius of earlier. The Council defines the general political way and the chief precedences and is charged under the Lisbon Treaty. The Council brings together caputs of provinces or authoritiess of every E. U state along with the Commission president and the Council president. whom is Herman Van Rompuy. who’s in power until November 2014. Van Rompuy arranges meetings twice every six months normally located in Brussels whereby composite and sensitive issues are dealt with consequently. Decisions are normally derived by consensus nevertheless some instances are decided by unanimity or by a bulk. all dependent on what the Treaty provides for. The Council is the establishment most affected by the Numberss in the E. U. Therefore. t he displacement from 15 to 27 has meant a major alteration for intergovernmental dialogues. Business policy devising within the E. U is affected by all administration and establishments with respects to their ain powers and duties. The Council being the strategic organic structure of the E. U means that the political enforcements need to be set and these affect all concerns. Within the Council. policies are voted for by national authoritiess nevertheless they can be outvoted by another party. National authoritiess may hold their ain concern policies nevertheless they must be attuned to the E. U policies. The Council is a legislator although non with the same power as the Commission. however still makes statute laws and passes these onto to the Commission for credence. The Commission novices and formulates policies nevertheless the Council’s function is merely every bit of import because they have to O.K. of this to do it into a jurisprudence. as do the European Parliament which will be discussed subsequently. When struggles occur between members it is the Council whom addresses them and happen common land on which the determinations and policies sent for blessing by the Commission can be discussed and dealt with in the appropriate mode. In December 2012 the Council had announced a study whereby President Rompuy wanted a end ‘towards echt economic and pecuniary union’ . The Council are being urged to reconstruct concern and investor assurance. increase fight and kick start growing. This petition shows how of import the Council play a portion in concern policy devising and how it impacts everyone with the E. U ( three ) . 3. European Parliament The European Parliament ( EP ) is a parliamentary establishment of the E. U that is straight elected every five old ages. with similar legislative power as the Council and together they carry out a process which is called ‘Co-decision’ . However in recent old ages the EP has been turning in importance. Martin Schulz is the current President of the Parliament and most of their work takes topographic point in Brussels. Luxembourg and Strasbourg. The EP is described as the most powerful legislative assemblies in the universe with 754 members and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the universe. The EP is the first establishment of the E. U and besides portions similar budgetary and legislative powers with the Council. One of the chief points to advert about the EP is that the Commission is accountable to the Parliament significance Parliament elects the President of the Commission and later can coerce the Commission as a organic structure to vacate and this is done by transporting out a gesture of animadversion ( four ) . The Parliament is such huge administration organic structure that it is broken down into many different commissions that deal with their ain legislative work ( see appendix ii for sub-committees ) Within these commissions. studies are made when the commission members meet. normally in Brussels. and when plenary commences for the Parliament as a whole ballots are made. The Parliament has three chief functions in concurrence with policy devising and the first is discoursing and accepting European Torahs along with the Council. The 2nd function is analyzing other E. U establishments. particularly the Commission. to do certain they are working democratically. The 3rd function is debating and welcoming the E. U’s budget besides along with the Council ( V ) . Over the past twosome of old ages the Parliament has increased in importance and has received more power. The Parliament will derive entree to meetings and certification on legislative and budgetary issues and an illustration of this information being used is shown in recent intelligence whereby Members of European Parliament ( MEP’s ) will discourse budgetary regulations with euro-zone main Jean-Claude Junker. Besides. during the meetings the MEP’s will discourse minimal criterions for welcoming of refuge searchers. recognition evaluation bureaus. banking brotherhoods and a young person warrant leting each E. U citizen that is a young person the right to analyze. train or work ( six ) . More entree to classified and confidential information will be granted to the Parliament every bit good as being kept up to day of the month with all the E. U’s dialogues internationally peculiarly those affecting trade trades ( seven ) . This will therefore average when concern policy devising occurs the EP will hold much more of an penetration and influence with the result because they have full cognition of what has occurred and what is traveling to happen. 4. European Court of Justice The European Court of Justice ( ECJ ) is the legal organic structure of the European Union. There is one justice from each member state who is appointed for a six twelvemonth term in which reclamation is possible. The ECJ takes E. U Torahs and makes certain it is upheld and consistent in all E. U states. From clip to clip there are differences within the E. U amongst authoritiess and establishments and it is the responsibility of the Court of Justice to settle these dissensions. There are five common types of instances that the Court of Justice regulations and these are: †¢ Direct Actions – advocated by persons and companies against E. U determination or action. †¢ Actions for revocation – if any E. U member or E. U Governing organic structure finds a peculiar E. U Law illegal so they can bespeak the Court of Justice to invalidate it. Even persons can near the Court if the jurisprudence is holding inauspicious effects on them entirely. If a jurisprudence is non right based on the Treaties it excessively can besides be annulled. †¢ Actions for failure to move – against E. U establishments for neglecting to do determinations required of them. Treaties require the Commission. Council and Parliament to do determinations under specific fortunes and if they do non follow this the Court acts on this by entering this failure to move. †¢ Actions for failure to carry through an duty – Commission. every bit good as other E. U Countries. normally starts actions if they feel a member state is neglecting to run into the E. U jurisprudence. The Court investigates and gives its finding of fact in which if found true a all right can be issued to the state. †¢ Requests for preliminary opinion – this is when a national tribunal asks the European Court of Justice to lucubrate and construe a point of E. U jurisprudence. ( eight ) For over 50 old ages mergers in Europe have led to restructuring of the political regulations and ordinances. The Court of Justice has brought integrity where there has been diverseness and it has besides been a cardinal histrion in the integrating procedure. One manner of legal integrating is direct judicial influences on statute laws nevertheless this is dissimilar to what the Court had been making. The Court of Justice had been utilizing a policy of ‘direct effect’ and ‘superiority’ of which persons have in the yesteryear raised misdemeanors of European Law over. Through constitutional reappraisal. the Court can act upon merger because Treaties within Europe rank at the constitutional degree whereas Regulations are secondary Torahs. Recommending the Treaties. which is the judicial law-making mechanism. is really of import in the E. U and this is shown with the points below: †¢ The tribunals take determinations entirely from political force per unit areas. It is impossible to manus out countenances to single Judgess by authoritiess hence restricting political control. †¢ Treaties can be labelled as an uncomplete contract hence ( nine ) In the responsibilities of their work and duties. the four regulating organic structures mentioned maintain a good relationship with other ‘E. U Organs and independent E. U agencies’ . These organic structures are besides histrions in E. U concern policy doing nevertheless non to the extent of the four chief regulating organic structures mentioned ( see appendices iii ) . Pressure Groups/Interest groups and the E. U Policy Making There are many administrations non merely within the European Union but in the universe that try to act upon public policy with the involvements of a specific cause and these are referred to as Pressure Groups. Most force per unit area groups perform ‘lobbying’ which is a political term for seeking to act upon policy shapers into following a certain way of action which will be good to their cause. There are two types of force per unit area groups ; those that are prosecuting private. economic involvements and those that are working for social/public involvement. Those that pursue economic involvements are chiefly booming towards alterations in competition policy and trade policies because these are the factors that straight affect concerns. An illustration of this type of force per unit area group would be Committee of European Agricultural Organisations in the EU ( COPA ) . In recent intelligence COPA have urged the E. U Commission to ‘release without hold. anti-dumping steps against canned Citrus reticulata coming from China’ ( xi ) . This is a premier illustration of how economic force per unit area groups behave when faced with issues that will be damaging to net incomes non merely to one company but possibly even the whole market. In this case. the Commission is fixing a new E. U ordinance to set frontward to the E. U Court of Justice whom questioned the Comm ission’s method on anti-dumping responsibilities. The exclusive motivation behind this impulse is because China can bring forth a kg of Mandarin at merely 6. 30 euros whereas E. U is around 11-12 euros. Large graduated table companies around the Europe are besides involved in concern policy devising within the E. U and normally appeal to the Commission as they are seen as the determination shaper of the E. U. The large companies can be referred to as involvement groups and they involve themselves in concern policy-making because they would wish to act upon countries such as international trade. consumer protection and nutrient. In July 2012 this is the statement made by The Parliament. an EU political intelligence and information web site. about the Commission and large companies: â€Å"Parliament has antecedently criticized the committee for prosecuting more with large concern than with any other societal group through these consultative groups. ALTER-EU is now naming on the committee to do â€Å"major† alterations in the composing of its consultative groups to guarantee that the public involvement is decently served. It besides calls on the committee to implement parliament’s demands and present precautions against corporate gaining control of adept groups. † ( xii ) . The group is reasoning that by leting large companies to ‘dictate’ will take away from the wide public involvement and work in favour entirely for the companies. Large companies have a really close evaluation of successful influence as European Groups which is amazing due to the size of European Groups compared to some companies. The nature of involvement is highest for large companies in comparing to do or sectional groups. such as Human Rights Watch. and thi s can be shown in Appendix four ( thirteen ) Regions and Government Bodies Governments of each member state are a cardinal histrion in concern policy doing within Europe nevertheless their ‘European power’ is non every bit dominant as that of which the four chief regulating organic structures of the European Union possess. In recent intelligence U. K Prime Minister. David Cameron. has given the opportunity for the populace to vote in 2015 whether the U. K should remain or go forth the E. U. Cameron is seeking to state. harmonizing to some Ministers different E. U Countries. that the U. K should be allowed to pick and take certain policies to repatriate. This will of class be good for some concerns of the U. K. for illustration British Fishermen whom can non vie with E. U fish concerns. nevertheless it go forthing the E. U would intend the Single Market benefits are lost ( fourteen ) . In relation to this. concerns feel that go forthing the E. U. would increase monetary values when borrowing in markets. â€Å"We need a new relationship with the EU. backed by democratic authorization. † said the group. which includes the main executives of B A ; Q proprietor Kingfisher. excavation group Xstrata. electricals retailer Dixons. the London Stock Exchange and drinks shaper Diageo. every bit good as the president of technology house Rolls Royce. † This was the sentiment of many large U. K concerns whom seem to be endorsing Cameron in his scheme nevertheless the four government organic structures and all their curates shall make up ones mind whether policies can be changed ( fifteen ) . Below there is amplification on how the Government influences concerns with different policies: Employment Policy Stimulation of employment is a major focal point for Governments. An illustration of this is the U. K authorities at the present. whom are acute to promote concern efficiency which allow occupant concerns to go competitory in planetary markets which should make occupations. Regional Policy At European Level. fiscal support is aided to those parts which have high unemployment and societal want ; illustrations of this are rural France. Southern Italy every bit good as some parts of Scotland. This policy is set up to assist those countries that have lost occupation chances due to more comfortable locations. Inflation Policy It is an purpose of the Government to do certain there is no unexpected general rise in monetary values. Interest rates are increased when the populace are passing or borrowing excessively much which consequence in an addition in monetary value. The rise in involvement rates makes the monetary value steeper at which concerns borrow money for and the same applies for consumers. On a European graduated table it is the European Central Bank ( ECB ) that sets the pecuniary policy which consists of modulating the sum of money in the economic system. This therefore means the ECB is besides a cardinal histrion in the devising of a concern policy in the E. U. Tax Policy Businesss pay revenue enhancements which make a valuable part to the community. In return. the Government reinvests this money into the community by constructing roads. airdromes and assistance to developing countries hence assisting concerns. This can help concerns in agencies of their distribution. communicating. handiness and spread out the mark audience ( xvi ) . In decision to all the histrions mentioned I personally feel that the European Commission is the greatest histrion in concern policy doing due to their ‘executive’ nature which enables them to suggest statute laws and do the cardinal determinations. However. without the European Parliament and European Council. the Commission may non move in the public’s best involvement in all cases therefore they are of import within the function of concern policy devising. I feel the European Court of Justice brings integrity to the whole European Union and this leads to break dealingss amongst states and concerns of each location. My sentiment is that the four government organic structures are the most cardinal histrions when puting concern policies nevertheless the involvement groups. concerns and local authoritiess do hold their say and topographic point in the procedure. On the other manus all determinations are made by the Commission hence doing them the dominant organic s tructure within the whole European Union.

Free Essays on Blinding Fate - Oedipus The King

Blinding Fate Oedipus, King of Thebes, is bounded by fate and blinded by his ignorance. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Oedipus is doomed to fall, predestined by fortune. By the play’s end, the King of Thebes fulfills the oracle. This sentiment is supported by several examples throughout the tragedy, all of which are beyond the control of the poor King. His fall from grace is to occur regardless of his character or any outside intervention. Despite Oedipus’s physical ability to see, he is blinded to the truth because of his arrogance and character traits. This juxtaposes the prophet Tiresias, who is inherently blind but sees not only the truth but beyond, outside the realm of the present. The King jeers Tiresias for his blindness when he has to force him to proclaim his revelation against his will. Oedipus is so blinded by his own self-assertion that he does not even see the significance of his name, serving as an ironic clue to his past. The prophecy that Oedipus would murd er his father and marry his mother seems completely irrational to the King because of his naivity. In an ironic twist, Oedipus becomes more like Tiresias in the end, physically blinded himself but finally grasping the truth. Oedipus still lacks Tiresias’s ability of foresight. As the tragedy opens, Oedipus’s city Thebes, is ridden with plague. Many are dying and the people, represented as the Chorus, are in a somewhat alarmed state. The King holds true to his character and addresses the problem head on. He sends Creon, his brother-in-law and uncle, to the prophet Delphi to gain insight on how to end the plague. Unknown to Oedipus, his biological father Laius received the prophecy that his son would kill him and marry his wife, from the same oracle. In witness of the Chorus, Creon returns and at the King’s bidding delivers his message in the presence of the public. â€Å"As a measure of his own greatness, he will resolve Thebes’s distress, and he wil... Free Essays on Blinding Fate - Oedipus The King Free Essays on Blinding Fate - Oedipus The King Blinding Fate Oedipus, King of Thebes, is bounded by fate and blinded by his ignorance. In Sophocles’ Oedipus the King, Oedipus is doomed to fall, predestined by fortune. By the play’s end, the King of Thebes fulfills the oracle. This sentiment is supported by several examples throughout the tragedy, all of which are beyond the control of the poor King. His fall from grace is to occur regardless of his character or any outside intervention. Despite Oedipus’s physical ability to see, he is blinded to the truth because of his arrogance and character traits. This juxtaposes the prophet Tiresias, who is inherently blind but sees not only the truth but beyond, outside the realm of the present. The King jeers Tiresias for his blindness when he has to force him to proclaim his revelation against his will. Oedipus is so blinded by his own self-assertion that he does not even see the significance of his name, serving as an ironic clue to his past. The prophecy that Oedipus would murd er his father and marry his mother seems completely irrational to the King because of his naivity. In an ironic twist, Oedipus becomes more like Tiresias in the end, physically blinded himself but finally grasping the truth. Oedipus still lacks Tiresias’s ability of foresight. As the tragedy opens, Oedipus’s city Thebes, is ridden with plague. Many are dying and the people, represented as the Chorus, are in a somewhat alarmed state. The King holds true to his character and addresses the problem head on. He sends Creon, his brother-in-law and uncle, to the prophet Delphi to gain insight on how to end the plague. Unknown to Oedipus, his biological father Laius received the prophecy that his son would kill him and marry his wife, from the same oracle. In witness of the Chorus, Creon returns and at the King’s bidding delivers his message in the presence of the public. â€Å"As a measure of his own greatness, he will resolve Thebes’s distress, and he wil...

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buy custom Health Policy essay Women are believed to be major beneficiaries of health care since they encounter more health problems in every stage of their lives than men. They also encounter health emergencies since most of them face certain circumstances such as rape, pregnancy, and various health issues. However, most of them have no access to health services (Kaiser, 2012). This is why there is a need for a considerable health policy that will take care of their health problems. This health policy will address women with three categories of health problems; these include pregnancy services, women that have been subjected to rape, and other health issues of women, such as common diseases and domestic abuse. Pregnant women often have difficulties when accessing pre-natal and post-natal services. This policy will suggest that women pay a maximum of 10% on health services depending on their marital status. Women with no marriage partners will pay a total of 5% while women with marital partners will incur a total of 10%. These funds will cater for the needs of women during pregnancy, delivery, and even after the pregnancy period. On matters of rape, emphasis will be laid on individuals responsible for this type of sexual abuse. The government will cater for instant health attention after a rape case. Women will receive medical attention, and such includes abortion services if any is needed. The rapist will be forced to account for most of the health funds. The go vernment, in corporation with health centres and other charitable organization, will be charged with the responsibility of ensuring that women who have been raped access guidance and counselling services. In view to other health services, such as medical attention on victims of domestic violence and other health needs, this policy requires that these women provide a fee of a total of 20% annually. There will be no taxes that are going to be charged on all the medical coverage. In demanding the funds for these types of medical cover, the government will consider the economic capabilities of these women. One of the major aspects this policy suggests is the need for health education among women (Garcia et al, 2010). This is important because it equips them with knowledge on how to access healthcare, where to access it, and how their funds are distributed and utilized to care for their health. Women are the major caretakers of homes and they also form an important part of the economic productivity in the country. Therefore, their health is paramount among other issues in the country. The government should make more preparations to ensure that they formulate more constructive health polici es which will ensure that women do access quality and affordable health care. Buy custom Health Policy essay

Women in the workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Women in the workforce - Essay Example Traditionally, some careers are male dominated such as engineering and fire fighting while others such as nursing are female dominated. These assigned on the basis that women show empathy while men are physically stronger. However, there has been a change in legislation and women allowed the careers of their choice. Despite this, women still prefer not to indulge in to some of the male dominions such as fire fighting. Only about 2.5% of all fire fighters are women (Kershaw, par3). However, when supported, they fare as well as their male counterparts. In the case of female involvement in engineering, it has for along time been assumed that they are less involved in engineering because they are poor performers in mathematics. However, a recent study shows that this is not the case. Women are less likely to pursue engineering even if they perform well in mathematics (Angier et al, par15). Dr Summers proposed that this is down women considering the profession as too abstract and dull (he gives an example of buying trucks to his daughter but she treats them like teddy bears) (Angier et al, par33). However, this view rejected on the basis that men treat their cars as if the cars are human (equivalent to the teddy bear treatment of the trucks) (Angier et al, par34). In the present day, there are strict labor regulations that provide for equivalent pay for men and women provided they have the same job description (Farrell, 20). Such legislature is in place for women empowerment and reduction of exploitation and stereotypes against them. However, some employers feel that men and women have a different work out put and go as far as barring their promotion or giving them an inferior wage. Morgan Stanley recently had to pay settlement rather than face a jury trial when faced with a charge of sex discrimination (Mc Geehan, par 1). This is just a high profile case and there are many such cases all

An analysis on the dyadic network relationship of BMW AG and Research Paper

An analysis on the dyadic network relationship of BMW AG and Brilliance Auto Ltd - Research Paper Example In August  2002  the Jinbei Automotive Company, a subsidiary of Brilliance China Auto, launched their first car; the ‘Zhonghua’ (China). 3.2 Network after 2003: The dyadic network of BMW and Brilliance in 2003 has made a big impact in the automobile industry. BMW launched its first car in 2003 and has made the 50,000th in 2007 and has now launching the new model in 2010 as the 10,000th car. After 2003, BNW and Brilliance has been mounting amazingly at high momentum, carrying out the highest manufacture within 2 years. It had observed, joined and occupied a part in the progress of Chinese automobile industry. They are prepared to hail a dazzling opportunities by this combined set-up and it has fruitfully included into the Chinese culture and dynamically thinking business shared tasks. This network has found its boundaries and kept an eye on the opponents. These has manufactured the quality products which gave the customer maximum satisfaction. It has set the target to develop into a superior business dweller. They have kept the horizons as learning, civilization, client commitment and business authority in the corporate world. These horizons clearly show the liability of BMW towards the Chinese humanity. These also prove the assurance and obligation to the long-standing improvements in China. There has been lot of risks in this network relationship. There always had a pressure to meet the client demands with the new automobiles over ever more smaller product growth phase and they have to reach the market to the further sectors with the pioneering new products as like Sedan which will decides the upcoming success. Also the risk comprises the capability of dyadic network to get sufficient funding as and when required at competitive rates and profitably expand, produce and trade the innovative products in China. A Concluding Analysis of the Evolution of the Dyadic Network BMW / Brilliance: BMW decided to enter into a joint venture with Shenyang Xin gYuanDong in the year 2003, XingYuanDong is a 100% subsidiary of Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. (Bermuda), a publicly listed Chinese car manufacturer founded in 1993. BMW enter into this joint venture to produce and locally service BMW branded cars as well as gaining wider network legitimacy within the Chinese market. â€Å"The  first  BMW  Brilliance  factory  was  built  in  2004.  It  is  running  at  full capacity  as  the  luxury  market  continues  to  boom† (Tianyang, 2011). BMW is increasing their sales growth in China at more than nine times the pace of the wider industry, defying the nation’s attempts to unclog its roads and discourage â€Å"lavish lifestyles†. Brilliance China is one of the leading automotive manufacturers in China through its subsidiaries, associated companies and joint ventures in PRC. The joint venture with BMW which was established in the year 2003 was to produce BMW 3-series and 5 series sedans in China. Brilliance auto has many strategic partners and alliances. They have established strategic and working relationships with global automotive manufacturers. In the production of minibuses their partner is Toyota, and in the case of automotive components their partners are Mitsubishi motors, FEV, TRW automotive, and Johnson Controls. Brilliance has a wide range of 15 subsidiaries in China and announced

Alcohol Abuse Among the Elderly Essay Example for Free

Alcohol Abuse Among the Elderly Essay Alcohol abuse among the elderly is a widespread problem through the United States. It is hard to discover by physicians and medical providers, because many of these people have been abusing alcohol secretly for years. The population is extremely unlikely to admit that they have problems with alcohol, especially during a routine health care visit. As many as 15% of the population over 65 may be heavy drinkers, although this number is hard to pin down. Elderly people usually drink due to depression, loneliness and lack of social support. Most alcohol abuse comes from a lifetime history; whereas others develop alcoholic drinking patterns later in life. Alcoholism accounts for more than 15% of health care costs in the elderly. It is associated with an estimated 100,000 deaths per year in the United States. Alcohol consumption can produce both benefits and risks. In terms of benefits, men who drink two to six alcoholic beverages per week have decreased mortality rates and lower cardiovascular disease when compared with abstainers. On the negative side, two studies of 300,000 men demonstrated increased mortality among those consuming more than 2 to 3 drinks daily. Women, are more affected by less alcohol than men, perhaps because they have a lower blood volume, and so its distribution and decreased activity for gastric alcohol dehydrogenase are increased. The primary care physician plays an important role in making the diagnosis and in helping the older alcoholic receive proper medical and psychological care. As patients grow older, and develop conditions that require prescription and over the counter medications, opportunities for dangerous alcohol/drug interactions increase. Elderly patients should be encouraged to monitor their alcohol intake so that it does not conflict with their medications. When a problem is identified, begin by counseling patients and the family. Increased social support may be all that is needed to stop excessive alcohol consumption by some older patients. Reference Butler, Robert (June, 1998) Alcoholism and the later years. Geriatrics pg. 1-2.

Comparing the Powerful Women in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House and Susan

Comparing the Powerful Women in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House and Susan Glaspell's Trifles      Ã‚   Throughout history, a woman's role is to be an obedient and respectful wife. Her main obligation is to support, serve, and live for her husband and children. In Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House and Susan Glaspell's Trifles, two different women make a decision to take matters into their own hands by doing what they want to do, no matter what the outcome may be and in spite of what society thinks. These two women come from different homes and lead very different lives yet, these two women share similar situations--both are victims, both are seeking individuality, and initially, both women end up alone. There are many ways that Nora and Mrs. Wright differ. First of all, both come from completely different households. Nora's home is "tastefully [. . .] furnished" and always "pleasant"(917). She lives in a lavish home eating macaroons, drinking champagne, and hosting banquets. Nora often has guests at the house and there are even maids to watch her children. Her husband , Torvald, is often home and has guests over. On the other hand, Mrs. Wright's home is unpleasant, in an "abandoned farmhouse"(977) in a secluded area. Mrs. Wright seldom has company, nor does she have any children. She does not leave the house very often and her husband, Mr. Wright, wants no outside interference. Mr. Wright refuses to get a "party telephone"(978) because he enjoys his "peace and quiet"(978). It is obvious that these two women lead different lives with different types of people, yet they share similar situations that are not so obvious. First of all, both women are "victims" of their controlling husbands. Nora and Mrs. Wright are al... ...ome from different worlds, yet they still share the same type of sadness and pain in their everyday lives. What Nora does is considered courageous in that time in history, where women were not treated as equals and were always looked down on and ignored. Women speaking out and taking matters into their own hands was unheard of and often risky. They want to be independent so they do what they believe is necessary to accomplish and reach their goals, so that they can once again be happy for eternity. Works Cited Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature and the Writing Process. Elizabeth Mahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 2002. 977-986 Ibsen, Henrik. A Doll's House. Literature and the Writing Process. Elizabeth Mahan, Susan X Day, and Robert Funk. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice, 2002. 916-966.

Attachment Report Bsc Hon Comp Science (Afrosoft Holdings Limited) Essay

This report serves to provide the reader with a summary of the third year industrial attachment showing the work and research done in the field of software engineering whilst at Afrosoft Holdings (Ltd. ). It also highlights the experience gained during this same time. This is a report on the one-year industrial attachment program held in the third -year of study as part of the 4-year Bachelor Of Science Honors degree in Computer Science program at the National University of Science and Technology (NUST), starting 2nd of July 2012 at Afrosoft Corporation. In the first chapter of this report, an introduction to Afrosoft as a corporation is made, giving the organizational structure of the company, and the company’s product brand. The services provided by the company are also noted in this chapter. The second chapter focuses upon the methodologies settled upon by Afrosoft, and focus is made on the Microsoft Solutions framework which the company uses extensively. The following chapter then gives an insight on the three-tier software architecture that Afrosoft has concentrated upon. A brief discussion of other types of architectures is also given. Technologies used most at the company are discussed next in the fourth chapter. These include technologies used in the past, and technologies being used in newer projects. Following this chapter is one on data access components and Microsoft SQL server, which are used by Afrosoft in almost all of its products. After this is a chapter on the projects that the author participated in at the company, detailing the responsibilities assigned and the technologies learnt from each of them. Beyond that, the remaining chapters discuss what was learnt during the attachment period and an overall outlook on the experience gained. Acknowledgements Great thanks go to all the staff at Afrosoft Corporation, and especially to the Software Development Department. I wish to extend my sincerest gratitude to the noted persons, the Software Development immediate manager Mr. Movement Musasiwa, for your motivation, support, patience and mentoring. Software Developers in the department, Tanyaradzwa Chamarime, Brighton Chaparadza, Gerry Vhera, Edson Jengwa, Joseph Bodzo and Kurai Mombeshora. My learning from you will surely be a cornerstone for my success and achievement in the IT field and in all facets of life, your support and team spirit remains a debt to me . Indeed I owe you my heartfelt gratitude. Thank you team!!! .Also special thanks to my family who always showed their love and support through-out this period. Many thanks are also extended to all fellow students on attachment. I also express gratitude to Mr. K. Sibanda and Mrs. S. S. Dube, my industrial attachment co-ordinaters. Last but not least of all praise and thanks be to God the Almighty for his protection and loving guidance. Thank you all. List of Tables Table 2. 1:Models under Microsoft solutions Framework21 List of Figures Figure 1. 1: Organizational structure5 Figure 1. 2: Product Brand9 Figure 1. 3: Older AfroPACK Products11 Figure 1.

Professional Value in Ethics and Islam

BUS240: Professional Work Values in Islam Instructor: Dr. Hisham Adam Group Names: Yousef Al Khamis Khalid Al Dabbous Hamad Al Sayegh Mohammad Jamal Professional Work Values Introduction Religion plays an important role in the development of work and professional ethics the world over. All religions, Christianity, Islam, and Hindu among others all inform on work, work values and work ethics in an effort to promote harmony, togetherness, tolerance and hard work. They also advocate for such good practices to ensure cooperation in employer employee relations at the work place.Such religious teachings are entrenched and supported by most constitutions around the world. The Quran and its teachings play an important role in the development of a Muslim. The Quran guides the way of life, it gives insight into relations between brothers, kin, employees and their employers, the individual and the state, and the Muslim and non-Muslims. This holy book above all gives insight into life as Allah w ished. Discussion The Quran gives life lessons on employees and employers.It gives teachings on values required at the work place; some of these values include trust, humility, loyalty, hard work, fairness, justice, kindness, and charity among others. Trust refers to the belief in the strength of truth coming from a person other than yourself. The workplace is akin to a second home for most people in adulthood. Relations form that either strengthen or destroy this environment. Relations built on trust have a positive impact on the work environment and result in success while relations formed with distrust merely lead to frustration and losses.Trust comes alongside truth. With truth, employees and employers have an easier time working together. The Quran puts truthfulness and honesty as some of the best traits that a professional Muslim should possess. They imply that a true Muslim should be fearful of the almighty and true through his actions and words. It goes ahead to say that fai thfulness is directly related to righteousness. In addition to this, all Muslims will be judged and held accountable for their actions whilst on earth.Concerning work and business, it indicates that a good businessperson is one who is honest; hence, he is put in the same category as the prophets. Honesty supersedes respect. An honest boss is one that communicates effectively with his employees and lets them know of the goings in the company. Such an action begets an equivalent reaction from employees hence creating a cordial work relationship between them. All Muslims are supposed to be charitable. Charity here refers to spending what Allah has given an individual usually in the form of resources, monies, energy, talents and possessions for the good of other people.Charity fosters a relationship between man and other men. It also promotes a relationship with the almighty. In modern day, the most common include helping the needy through corporate social relations; avoiding hurting pe ople and helping strangers find their way. Many companies in the world today engage in philanthropic activities, helping the needy, children, the elderly and the poor in fulfillment of their obligation as human beings to Allah. The Quran also advocates for hard work. Hard work for any Muslim is a mandatory exercise.In one of Prophet Mohammed’s quotations, he refers to hard work as an obligation. He goes ahead and explains that it is better for an individual to carry his own firewood than have a friend do it for him. Hard work is linked directly to honesty in which the Quran indicates that it is not moral for one to beg. It directs the Muslims to work and creates a belief that one would receive a better reward for working hard. It asks them to desist from deceiving others, hoarding goods and begging and instead work hard.Dignity and honor are attached to income acquired in a rightful manner whereas sources of unearned monies are revered against; such as betting and playing cha nce games. Forgiveness is a highly cherished trait for professional Muslims. A Muslim is bound to accept an apology from a fellow Muslim not unless such an apology has been given dishonestly by the one offering it. More often than not, relations are destroyed within the workplace. It is often best to seek forgiveness from a fellow employee than engage in constant battle.Forgiveness ensures cooperation is maintained whereas hatred brings forth inconsistency and outright bias leading to losses. Good conduct to others. This trait requires that an individual wish for the best for his Muslim brother. This is a two-way concept where an individual wishes good tidings for his friends just as he would wish to have done to him. In an employee-employer working environment, many employees do not have a desire to see their friends excel. As a result, many of them work to ensure their friends fail and are fired.Maintaining good conduct towards others ensures cooperation and in turn ensures mutual success. Organisational culture refers to the behavior of human beings as being part of an organisation as well as the meaning that they attach to different actions in that environment. Culture is a combination of several things including norms, values, symbols, beliefs and habits among other things that are shared by a people. Organisational culture is also a pattern of behavioral traits and behavior that is taught to members of an organisation to promote co-existence and harmonious living.Such cultures define the appropriate behavior for different situations and environment. An organisational culture affects the way individuals interact with each other in the organisation, how they interact with the customers and stakeholders and have a role in creating a good or bad image for the organisation. Such Muslim professional values revolve around oneness. They represent a constant need to create a good employee-employee and employee employer working relation that ultimately bring succe ss. The Quran is particular in creating equity among individuals working together.Contemporary organisations are composed of individuals from a wide range of religious backgrounds. Professional ethics as stipulated in the Quran do not only apply to the Muslims but may be used by any other person regardless of his religious inclination. Entrenching such traits into the organisational culture will go forth to create a lasting bond (Mats 2002) among employees characterized by cooperation and trust. In addition, it will withdraw elements of doubt and foster trust among employees for the mutual benefit of the company.Conclusion The Quran gives a huge list of ethical traits that a Muslim ought to possess in his day-to-day life. These traits form the basis of any Muslim life. These traits are universal in that, people regardless of their religious inclination may use them. Their use in modern day organisations to inform on organisational culture is widely acknowledged, and appreciated. Mod ern day organisations are multicultural and such traits would be great to bridge this cultural gap and bring harmony to the organisation.

Benefits of Having a Car in College

Benefits of Having a Car in College There are seemingly a lot of benefits to having a car in college. After all, who wouldn’t want to have access to wheels whenever they choose? And while there are some important cons to consider, there are certainly several key pros as well. You Can Leave Campus If and When You Need a Break Whether it’s heading to a concert somewhere in town, going out to dinner with some friends, or even just being able to take someone on a date, having the ability to get away from campus whenever you wish is certainly a luxury. You Can Help Friends Out If your friends are moving, needing to transport something too big to fit on the bus, or just need a ride to the airport, having access to your own car allows you to help them if and when they ask. It can feel good to know you’re helping someone out in a pinch or even helping support a fun event for someone special, like a celebratory birthday night downtown. You Dont Have to Worry About Transportation Around the Holidays Getting home – even if it’s a day or two drive – can be done on your own terms. You won’t have to worry about expensive flights, delayed trains, long bus rides, or other transportation woes. You can more or less leave when you wish. Additionally, as the owner of the car, you can also coordinate something fun, like a road trip toward your hometown that lets you drop off friends in their hometowns along the way. You Can Plan Road Trips Speaking of road trips, you can provide transportation for some seriously memorable road trips over things like Presidents’ Weekend or Spring Break. Having access to and use of a car both ensures you’ll get to go and that you’ll have some say about the itinerary. You Can Get an Internship or Job Off Campus Without a car, of course, you can also work or have an internship off campus, but having your own transportation definitely makes the logistics easier. Having a car can therefore open some additional professional doors, whether it’s a part-time gig at a company you’d like to work for after you graduate or an internship at an interesting museum in town. You Can Save Money by Shopping Around True, having a car on campus might cost a bit extra, but you can also save money in other aspects of your college life. When you’re stuck on campus, you’re quite limited in terms of where you can buy items, like groceries or school-related supplies. With a car, however, you can make the long trip for items at discount clothing stores, cheaper food options (think: Costco or Walmart), and other less-expensive retailers. Sure, buying in the campus bookstore can be smart for several types of purchases, but overall you’re likely to find better deals elsewhere. You Can Be More Flexible With Your Family Needs ​If you often need to help out with a family business, help take care of an ill family member or provide childcare for your family, having a car can cut down on the time it takes for you to get back and forth. This simple time saver can therefore provide you with more time to focus on your studies instead of commuting back and forth. Overall, the choice of having a car with your during your time in school depends heavily on the specific factors relevant to your situation. As with most things during college, however, it’s best to make an informed, educated decision about which choice seems the smart way to go.

You Need to Check Out These 70 Most Liberal Colleges in America

You Need to Check Out These 70 Most Liberal Colleges in America SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re politically active, you may want to go to a college where the students, faculty, and administration share your values. You’ll be more likely to find student groups that are aligned with your interests and beliefs and you'll probably have a more enjoyable college experience. In this article, I’ll give you the names of some of the most liberal colleges in the United States. Furthermore, I’ll detail the traits of liberal colleges, explain possible advantages and disadvantages of liberal colleges, and advise you how to find liberal colleges that could be a good fit for you. Traits of the Most Liberal Colleges Liberal colleges are very politically left-wing. They're more accepting of different sexual orientations and gender identities, and students tend to favor liberal positions like ending the War on Drugs, outlawing private prisons, and raising the minimum wage. The most liberal colleges tend to be private liberal arts colleges.Very liberal students are often drawn to small liberal arts colleges because these schools offer a more progressive education. For example, at Reed College, grades are recorded, but deemphasized and not distributed to students, and professors serve more as mediators in class discussions as opposed to being lecturers. Furthermore, the most liberal colleges usually reflect the political leanings of their locations. Many of the most liberal colleges are located on the west coast and in the Northeast, both known for being extremely liberal places. Possible Advantages of Going to a Liberal College If you're very liberal, then you'll probably be happier and more comfortable around like-minded people. You're more likely to make friends who share your political and social views. Your professors are also likely to be very liberal, and you'll be receiving an education that coincides with your values and beliefs. Liberal colleges are known for being extremely tolerant and culturally sensitive. LGBT students and students from underrepresented backgrounds may feel more supported at liberal colleges. The college is more likely to offer support services and organizations for these students. Also, very liberal colleges tend to be less strict and structured. Many liberal colleges pride themselves on being less focused on grades and big lecture classes and more focused on collaboration and self-actualization. They often have a much more permissive culture, and they tend to be less likely to harshly punish students who engage in "extracurricular" activities that are stereotypically associated with college life. If you're liberal and go to a conservative college, it's possible that you'll feel isolated and ostracized for your beliefs. You'll find more Bernie Sanders fans at liberal colleges. (Marc Nozell/Flickr) Possible Disadvantages of Liberal Colleges If you're very liberal, you may benefit from being exposed to different viewpoints. Having your beliefs challenged and being around diverse opinions can help you learn and grow. If you're very liberal and attend a liberal college, you may just be surrounding yourself with people who are likely to echo your beliefs. While liberal colleges are tolerant of people from different backgrounds, they tend to not be very tolerant of conservative viewpoints. Many of the students at the most liberal colleges view conservatives as closed-minded or ignorant. If you want to be in an environment that welcomes diverse viewpoints, you may not feel completely comfortable at the most liberal colleges. Furthermore, the most liberal colleges and students are becoming notorious for protesting and taking action against speech they consider insensitive or offensive. Many people believe these colleges and students have become hyper-sensitive. Because most colleges tend to lean liberal, and the majority of college faculty members are liberal, you don't have to attend the most liberal colleges to be around liberal people and ideologies. The only colleges that have a reputation for being more conservative are many of the religious schools, the service academies, and public colleges in the most conservative states. Finally, the less structured environment at the most liberal colleges may not be beneficial to you. Some students need more structure and discipline to excel. Also, the lack of emphasis on grades and a traditional curriculum at some of the most liberal colleges may not suit your educational needs and could negatively impact some of your future job opportunities. The Most Liberal Colleges Let's go through two rankings of the most liberal colleges, so you can get a sense ofwhereyou might want to look if you're hoping to attend a particularly liberal school. Niche Niche is a website that provides reviews, rankings, and statistics about neighborhoods and schools. It provides many different college ranking lists from the overall best colleges to the top party schools to the most liberal colleges. The Niche rankings of the most liberal colleges are based on a political poll of 50,000 students from 747 colleges. A full 80% of the rankings is based on student survey responses regarding the students' personal political leanings. The remaining 20% is based on student survey responses regarding the political leanings of other students at the college. The List I'm giving you the top 50 most liberal colleges according to Niche, with #1 being the most liberal. Most of these colleges are private colleges and many are small liberal arts colleges. Some of the public universities that made the top 50 are University of Vermont, UC Santa Cruz,SUNY Purchase, andPortland State University. UC Santa Cruz (Casey Marshall/Flickr) School Location Acceptance Rate 1. University of California - Santa Cruz Santa Cruz, CA 51% 2. San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 70% 3. Columbia College Chicago Chicago, IL 92% 4. Mills College Oakland, CA 87% 5. University of California - Berkeley Berkeley, CA 17% 6. Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, MA 51% 7. Bard College Annandale-On-Hudson, NY 58% 8. Portland State University Portland, OR 92% 9. American University Washington, DC 29% 10. Oberlin College Oberlin, OH 34% 11. New York University New York, NY 28% 12. Howard University Washington, DC 41% 13. Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, NY 53% 14. Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, PA 38% 15. Smith College Northampton, MA 32% 16. Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY 24% 17. SUNY Purchase College Purchase, NY 74% 18. Carleton College Northfield, MN 21% 19. Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 16% 20. University of Washington Seattle, WA 46% 21. SUNY New Paltz New Paltz, NY 44% 22. Northwestern University Evanston, IL 9% 23. Kenyon College Gambier, OH 34% 24. Fashion Institute of Technology New York, NY 47% 25. University of California - Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA 33% 26. CUNY Hunter College New York, NY 40% 27. Western Washington University Bellingham, WA 85% 28. Columbia University New York, NY 7% 29. Roosevelt University Chicago, IL 70% 30. Denison University Granville, OH 37% 31. University of Oregon Eugene, OR 83% 32. University of San Francisco San Francisco, CA 66% 33. Barnard College New York, NY 15% 34. Morgan State University Baltimore, MD 64% 35. SUNY Buffalo State College Buffalo, NY 58% 36. Occidental College Los Angeles, CA 42% 37. New College of Florida Sarasota, FL 69% 38. University of California - Riverside Riverside, CA 57% 39. Emerson College Boston, MA 46% 40. Swarthmore College Swarthmore, PA 11% 41. Northeastern University Boston, MA 27% 42. Hofstra University Hempstead, NY 64% 43. Boston University Boston, MA 25% 44. Bowdoin College Brunswick, ME 14% 45. California State University - Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA 46% 46. San Jose State University San Jose, CA 67% 47. Spelman College Atlanta, GA 40% 48. California State University - Dominguez Hills Carson, CA 54% 49. Ithaca College Ithaca, NY 71% 50. University of Vermont Burlington, VT 67% Rally of the "Carleton College Dems" (cursedthing/Flickr) Princeton Review The Princeton Review rankings for the most liberal colleges are based on students' responses to the question "Politically, are you left-wing, Democrat, middle, Republican, right-wing?" The List All of these colleges are small, private colleges with the exception of Clark University (Worcester, Massachusetts) and Brown University (Providence, Rhode Island), which are progressive private research universities. Schools that made both the Niche and Princeton Review lists are Bryn Mawr and the University of Vermont. The schools on the Princeton Review list are ranked from 1-20. School Location Acceptance Rate 1. Bryn Mawr College Bryn Mawr, PA 38% 2. Bennington College Bennington, VT 63% 3. Reed College Portland, OR 35% 4. Earlham College Richmond, IN 62% 5. Sarah Lawrence College Bronxville, NY 53% 6. Grinnell College Grinnell, IA 25% 7. Pitzer College Claremont, CA 14% 8. Scripps College Claremont, CA 28% 9. Mills College Oakland, CA 71% 10. Brandeis University Waltham, MA 34% 11. University of Vermont Burlington, VT 67% 12. Clark University Worcester, MA 55% 13. Skidmore College Saratoga Springs, NY 36% 14. College of the Atlantic Bar Harbor, ME 76% 15. Carleton College Northfield, MN 21% 16. Whitman College Walla Walla, WA 43% 17. Brown University Providence, RI 9% 18. Mount Holyoke College South Hadley, MA 50% 19. Lawrence University Appleton, WI 68% 20. Wesleyan University Middletown, CT 22% Marlboro College (Jared and Corin/Flickr) Student Reviews of Liberal Colleges Niche also offers student reviews of colleges. Here are some comments written by students about some of the most liberal colleges in the United States. I tried to include positive and negative comments about each school related to its very liberal environment. UC Santa Cruz There are some classes that really drill in the necessary skills needed for you future career. Other classes show you different aspects of other studies, which may be great for finding the perfect major. Overall, I would say that community is that best part of this college. It has taught me to be more open-minded and to always question the everything. Hippies everywhere! Public service announcement: if you need to be on psychedelics or smoke weed to have a better appreciation for the nature around you, you're doing something wrong! Nature is beautiful sober. Grinnell College Grinnell is extremely accepting of people from all walks of life. We have tons of programs and groups on campus to accommodate all students, such as Concerned Black Students, Cultural Diversity Panel, Spectrum, and Queer Students of Color. It was a great experience, but it requires that you are self-motivated. I thought I was at first and it was a hard wake-up call. You will be beaten, but you will come out better for it. Smith College Northampton is a perfect college town, very liberal, artsy, hipster, and worldly. So is the food. So many different types of restaurant options are available. Smith trusts its students, and it's also a school very concerned with social justice, so even seemingly trivial violations are taken very seriously and reported. Skidmore College I've learned a lot about issues that make people uncomfortable (especially in the United States) like race relations, radical environmental initiatives and the true significance of privilege. If you want drugs, then you will be able to find them relatively easily, and more than just your basics. Pot is smoked by more people than not. Alcohol is also very widely used. Most of campo just wants you to be safe and discreet, so if you are then you probably won't have any problems. For the most part, you need to be pretty obvious and obnoxious to get in trouble. Skidmore College How Should You Use These Lists of the Most Liberal Colleges? If you want to go to a very liberal college, you should research the colleges on the Niche and Princeton Review lists that interest you to determine if they’re schools you should apply to. There are many factors to consider to determine if a college is a good fit for you including location, selectivity, support services, and the majors offered. Look at the school’s website, and use guidebooks, college finders, search websites, and other ranking lists to help you in the college selection process. If possible, consult with teachers, counselors, parents, current students, and alumni. What Should You Do If You Want to Attend a Liberal College, but a School You're Considering Isn't on EitherList? Just because a school you're considering didn't make either list doesn't necessarily mean that it's not liberal. As I mentioned previously, most colleges tend to be more liberal than conservative. If you want to go to a college with a liberal atmosphere, look at the school's website to see if there are student groups that are aligned with your political and social views. There may be student groups for Democrats, feminists, or LGBT students. Similarly, there may be student groups that advocate for more liberal organizations or causes like Planned Parenthood, NORML (National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws), climate change, or affirmative action. Also, you can consult other sources that evaluate or grade how liberal a college is. On the Niche profile for each college, under "diversity" for each school's guide, there is a category called "political activity" that describes the political activity on campus. For example, this is how Harvard's political activity is described: Harvard possesses a largely liberal political base, but conservative political groups do make their presence felt. Nearly every student has an informed opinion, and the Institute of Politics provides an excellent forum for discussion and debate of current political topics. On the College View college finder, you can select that you're "only interested in schools with a very liberal climate" and search for colleges that fit that criteria. Furthermore, there are 20 other search categories to help you narrow your college search. Finally, remember that the political leaning of a college is often reflective of the city or town where the college is located. Colleges in the Northeast and on the west coast tend to be more liberal, and colleges in the South tend to be more conservative. You can determine if a specific city or town is liberal by looking up the candidates it supported in the last election and its views on various political and social issues. From the city of Liberal, Kansas, which is ironically more conservative What's Next? Since liberal arts colleges are predominantly liberal, you may be interested in checking out our rankings of the 28 best liberal arts colleges in the country. Also, if you want to go to a selective college, you should take a look at the colleges with the highest SAT scores. Finally, because college tuition prices continue to rise and you may be worried about how you're going to pay for college, I recommend you read this post on how much college really costs. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Long term investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Long term investment - Research Paper Example e discussion will expound on various examples: long-term investments, reasons for investing, how to identifying the best form of investment, and how people can  apply  long-term investment in personal and financial situations. The discussion focuses on helping people understand and apply the information in their personal finances. According to Norris (2010), there are many examples of long-term investments. Land is one of the long-term investment option that most of the people use. A piece of land continues to be a valuable asset because  virtually  no one can survive without land. Preference of land is high, because conversion into money is not within a short  duration  of time and so the benefits increases. Land  mostly  appreciates rather than depreciating and so it serves as a  guarantee  to increased amount of money than the initial cost. It is an excellent  choice  of long-term  investment  because once available it can be developed. Once the  development  takes place it increases in value, and it is  permanent. Increased population makes the  demand  of land higher on a daily basis. Various studies reveal that due to the increased population size houses is in high demand. Shelter is one of the human basic needs and, therefore, investing in real estate for rent guarantee high returns within minimum  duration  of time (Norris, 2010). Rental buildings require investment in just the initial capital to kick-start and then enjoy the  rent  income for the rest of the time (Tyson & Brown, 2012). A house is a  fixed  asset, which means that it is permanent unless a natural calamity strikes. Various financial stakeholders have taken an  initiative  in funding  building  of rental houses through loans and mortgages. It is with this reason that most of the people are choosing it as a  method  of long-term investment. The risks involved in rental houses are minimal and, on the other hand, the advantages are making it a favorable  choice  of investments. Stocks or

The Shays Rebellion and the Origins of Sound Governance in the US Essay

The Shays Rebellion and the Origins of Sound Governance in the US - Essay Example With the cash flow literally gagged, the continental war veterans who had earlier received land as part of their compensation in order to quell their growing discontent with the national government found their only source of livelihoods threatened. Their usual receipt of continental notes, which would have provided them with a reprieve, had lost substantial value that even the government of the day no longer accepted them in form of taxes. The compensation woes notwithstanding, the immediate sealing off of the British agricultural markets right after the war made the situation, even more, worse; large stock inventories piled up, prompting a merchants’ dilemma of the repayment of the hitherto advanced agricultural debts. Unable to settle the outstanding debt with the English creditors, merchants turned on small debtors seizing properties [including land] to service loans. The state’s and the Confederation’s immediate economic remedy of raising taxes to fund the wa r debts stretched the already worse state of affairs even further. With the economy largely reduced into the traditional barter system, farmers and rural artisans essentially owed creditors and the tax man cash that was literally nonexistent. Their [farmers] attempts to petition the Massachusetts legislature to revise the state’s constitution to enable fair taxation, equal representation, issue paper money and/or pass tender laws that would permit debtors to service their loans in goods and services alongside the hard currency bore no fruits.5 A legislature dominated by commercial interests, the proposed reforms never featured beyond the petition. Rather than being sympathetic enough to the protesters’ genuine public concern, assemblymen responded with contempt charging that: â€Å"They, the people, are luxurious in their diet, idle and profligate in their manners, encouragers of foreign manufacturers.†6 As the economy increasingly worsened, they [debtors/farmers] found themselves hauled up in losing court battles with quite a number of defaulters ending up in state prisons; an ultimate fate that was probably imminent for Daniel Shays,